Buoyancy is an upward thrust exerted by fluid opposing the weight of the immersed object. This upward thrust is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the immersed object. Buoyancy products are objects fabricated to apply these solutions. Distributed buoyancy modules are discrete buoyancy clamped to umbilical, risers, or pipelines to hold them in specific geometric configurations with an aim to prevent overutilization of the system. Distributed buoyancy modules are attached to the equipment through clamps, which makes it easy and quick to install. Distributed buoyancy modules are widely used in SURF application in offshore oil & gas production and offshore wind farm cables.
In 2014, when oil price began plummeting, offshore exploration activity hobnailed in parallel, falling nearly 40% before finding its bottom in 2016-2017. It led to an approximate plunge of 60% in offshore exploration expenditure during 2014-2017, mainly factored by the reduced cashflow, growth of US shal
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